Directory of Foreign Science and Technology Associations (Medium Volume)

Science and technology community is the result of the socialization, organization and institutionalization of scientific and technological activities. It usually refers to the non-governmental organization (NGO) or non-profit organization (NPO) whose main business is to engage in related activities in the field of science and technology. Since the establishment of the Royal Society, the first modern science and technology association in the world in the middle of the 17th century, a large number of science and technology associations have been established in Britain, the United States, Japan and other countries. Through academic exchanges, academic evaluation, academic norms, scientific and technological services and other activities, it is an important platform for attracting talents and an important force for promoting scientific and technological progress to spread scientific knowledge, advocate scientific spirit and nurture innovative culture, in the history of the development of science and technology to write a rich page.

Regarding the connotation and extension of science and technology associations, there is no unified definition in the world. The nature identification, registration, supervision and management of science and technology associations are not the same in various countries, showing diverse characteristics. In order to systematically understand the basic situation and pattern of science and technology associations in major countries in the world, and to provide reference for the construction of science and technology associations with Chinese characteristics facing the world and the future, the Science and Technology Innovation Department of the China Association for Science and Technology, in collaboration with the China Science and Technology Policy Research Association, organized the compilation of the Foreign Science and Technology Association List of Associations.

This book is the second book in the list of foreign science and technology associations in the Global Science and Technology Association Research Series. On the basis of the information of science and technology associations in the United States, Britain and Japan, the middle volume contains the information of science and technology associations in Australia, Brazil, Denmark, Germany, Russia, France, South Korea, the Netherlands, Canada, South Africa, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Spain and Italy.

The compilation team searched through the Australian Council of Charities and Non-profit Organizations, the Australian Science and Technology Organization, the German Association Management Association, the German Non-profit Organization Management Agency, the Russian Federation of Science and Engineering Associations, the French National Charter School History of Science Research Committee, the Korean General Federation of Science and Technology Groups, the Netherlands Scientific Research Organization, the Netherlands Applied Science Research Organization, the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences, the National Tax Office of Canada, the Canadian Business Registry, the South African Natural Science Commission, and the South African Development Department, the official website or related databases of the centralized management department of scientific and technological associations such as the Norwegian Association of Non-Governmental Organizations, the Swiss Academy of Sciences, the Spanish Platform for Social Action of Non-Governmental Organizations, the Spanish Guide for Non-Governmental Organizations, the Italian Directory Database of Non-Governmental Organizations, etc, refer to the "Guide to World Science Associations and Academic Societies (9th Edition)", the global social organization database of the International Union of Associations and other sources to obtain basic information of science and technology organizations, select the preliminary list of science and technology organizations through keywords such as association, society, academy, and council, and then select organizations including relevant subject terms, science and technology from the preliminary list, and at the same time combine their objectives, missions and activities, finally, 4801 scientific and technological associations with certain organizational scale and influence were included, including 514 in Australia, 99 in Brazil, 301 in Denmark, 626 in Germany, 66 in Russia, 589 in France, 475 in South Korea, 136 in the Netherlands, 832 in Canada, 142 in South Africa, 118 in Norway, 93 in Sweden, 327 in Switzerland, 215 in Spain and 268 in Italy, it is divided into five categories: science, engineering, agriculture, medicine and interdisciplinary.

With the rapid development of modern science and technology, the deepening of interdisciplinary integration, and the increasingly obvious development trend of the internationalization of science and technology associations, the definition and discipline classification of science and technology associations have become particularly complex and difficult. This book's combing of foreign science and technology societies is tentative and exploratory, and the list of science and technology societies and their disciplinary classifications are the result of limited conditions and can only be used as a reference rather than a definition. We will conduct more in-depth research and discussion on the connotation, extension and development law of science and technology associations.

The development of science and technology associations has always been in profound changes. In addition, we inevitably have omissions and shortcomings in our work. Readers are welcome to criticize and correct them.